Autoregressive Language Models are Secretly Energy-Based Models: Insights into the Lookahead Capabilities of Next-Token Prediction

arXiv — stat.MLThursday, December 18, 2025 at 5:00:00 AM
  • A recent study reveals that autoregressive models (ARMs), which dominate large language model (LLM) development, can be understood as energy-based models (EBMs). This research establishes a connection between ARMs and EBMs through a bijection in function space, linking them to the soft Bellman equation in maximum entropy reinforcement learning. The findings suggest that ARMs possess planning capabilities despite their focus on next-token prediction.
  • This development is significant as it provides a unified perspective on ARMs and EBMs, potentially enhancing the understanding of LLM behavior and performance. By establishing theoretical error bounds for the distillation of EBMs into ARMs, the research may inform future advancements in LLM training and alignment strategies, ultimately improving their efficacy in various applications.
  • The exploration of ARMs and EBMs contributes to ongoing discussions about the limitations of LLMs, particularly their struggles with aligning outputs to desired probability distributions. As LLMs continue to evolve, understanding their reasoning capabilities and biases becomes crucial. This research highlights the need for adaptive reasoning strategies and effective reward function designs, addressing challenges in reinforcement learning and the evaluation of LLM cognitive performance.
— via World Pulse Now AI Editorial System

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