arXiv:2511.03952v1 Announce Type: new 
Abstract: We develop a high-dimensional scaling limit for Stochastic Gradient Descent with Polyak Momentum (SGD-M) and adaptive step-sizes. This provides a framework to rigourously compare online SGD with some of its popular variants. We show that the scaling limits of SGD-M coincide with those of online SGD after an appropriate time rescaling and a specific choice of step-size. However, if the step-size is kept the same between the two algorithms, SGD-M will amplify high-dimensional effects, potentially degrading performance relative to online SGD. We demonstrate our framework on two popular learning problems: Spiked Tensor PCA and Single Index Models. In both cases, we also examine online SGD with an adaptive step-size based on normalized gradients. In the high-dimensional regime, this algorithm yields multiple benefits: its dynamics admit fixed points closer to the population minimum and widens the range of admissible step-sizes for which the iterates converge to such solutions. These examples provide a rigorous account, aligning with empirical motivation, of how early preconditioners can stabilize and improve dynamics in settings where online SGD fails.

أدخلت دراسة حديثة حدًا للتدرج في الأبعاد العالية لأسلوب الانحدار العشوائي مع زخم بولياك، مما يوفر إطارًا صارمًا لمقارنته مع المتغيرات الشائعة. هذه الأبحاث مهمة لأنها توضح كيف تتطابق حدود التدرج لأسلوب الانحدار مع الزخم مع تلك الخاصة بأسلوب الانحدار العشوائي عبر الإنترنت، خاصة عند ضبط إعادة التدرج الزمني واختيارات حجم الخطوة. مثل هذه الرؤى يمكن أن تعزز الفهم والتطبيق لهذه الخوارزميات في التعلم الآلي، مما قد يؤدي إلى عمليات تدريب أكثر كفاءة.

Un estudio reciente ha introducido un límite de escalado en alta dimensión para el Descenso de Gradiente Estocástico con Momentum de Polyak, ofreciendo un marco riguroso para compararlo con variantes populares. Esta investigación es significativa ya que aclara cómo los límites de escalado de SGD con momentum se alinean con los de SGD en línea, especialmente al ajustar el reescalado temporal y las elecciones de tamaño de paso. Tales perspectivas podrían mejorar la comprensión y aplicación de estos algoritmos en el aprendizaje automático, lo que podría llevar a procesos de entrenamiento más eficientes.

Une étude récente a introduit une limite d'échelle en haute dimension pour la descente de gradient stochastique avec momentum de Polyak, offrant un cadre rigoureux pour la comparer avec des variantes populaires. Cette recherche est significative car elle clarifie comment les limites d'échelle de SGD avec momentum s'alignent avec celles de SGD en ligne, en particulier lors de l'ajustement du redimensionnement temporel et des choix de taille de pas. De telles perspectives pourraient améliorer la compréhension et l'application de ces algorithmes en apprentissage automatique, menant potentiellement à des processus d'entraînement plus efficaces.

A recent study has introduced a high-dimensional scaling limit for Stochastic Gradient Descent with Polyak Momentum, offering a rigorous framework to compare it with popular variants. This research is significant as it clarifies how the scaling limits of SGD with momentum align with those of online SGD, particularly when adjusting time rescaling and step-size choices. Such insights could enhance the understanding and application of these algorithms in machine learning, potentially leading to more efficient training processes.

High-dimensional limit theorems for SGD: Momentum and Adaptive Step-sizes

&nbsp;As US educators embrace AI in the classroom, firms are selling software to flag mentions of self-harm, raising concerns over privacy and control.

مع تزايد استخدام تقنية الذكاء الاصطناعي في الفصول الدراسية في الولايات المتحدة، بدأ المعلمون في استخدام الدردشة الآلية لمراقبة رفاهية الطلاب. بينما يمكن أن تساعد هذه الأدوات في تحديد علامات السلوكيات الذاتية الضارة، فإنها تثير أيضًا مخاوف كبيرة بشأن الخصوصية ومدى المراقبة في البيئات التعليمية. قد يؤثر هذا التحول نحو المراقبة المستمرة على ثقة الطلاب وحريتهم، مما يجعله قضية حاسمة للآباء والمعلمين على حد سواء.

A medida que la tecnología de IA se vuelve más común en las aulas de EE. UU., los educadores están utilizando cada vez más chatbots para monitorear el bienestar de los estudiantes. Si bien estas herramientas pueden ayudar a identificar signos de autolesionismo, también plantean preocupaciones significativas sobre la privacidad y el alcance de la vigilancia en los entornos educativos. Este cambio hacia la vigilancia constante podría afectar la confianza y la libertad de los estudiantes, convirtiéndolo en un tema crítico para padres y educadores.

Alors que la technologie de l'IA devient de plus en plus courante dans les salles de classe aux États-Unis, les éducateurs utilisent de plus en plus des chatbots pour surveiller le bien-être des élèves. Bien que ces outils puissent aider à identifier des signes de comportements autodestructeurs, ils soulèvent également d'importantes préoccupations concernant la vie privée et l'étendue de la surveillance dans les établissements éducatifs. Ce passage vers une surveillance constante pourrait affecter la confiance et la liberté des élèves, ce qui en fait un enjeu crucial pour les parents et les éducateurs.

As AI technology becomes more prevalent in classrooms across the US, educators are increasingly using chatbots to monitor student well-being. While these tools can help identify signs of self-harm, they also raise significant concerns about privacy and the extent of surveillance in educational settings. This shift towards constant monitoring could impact students' trust and freedom, making it a critical issue for parents and educators alike.

Chatbots Are Sparking a New Era of Student Surveillance

The TRADE sits down with Nicholas Phillips, market structure research analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence (BI), following the publication of BI's 'European institutional equity trading study 2025’ report, to explore Europe’s renewed trading momentum, what to look out for in 2026, and the continued developments in post-trade, dark trading caps, rising bilateral, and more.
The post <a href="https://www.thetradenews.com/fireside-friday-with-bloomberg-intelligences-nicholas-phillips/">Fireside Friday with… Bloomberg Intelligence’s Nicholas Phillips</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.thetradenews.com">The TRADE</a>.

في مناقشة حديثة، شارك نيكولاس فيليبس من بلومبرغ إنتليجنس رؤى حول نتائج تقريرهم 'دراسة تداول الأسهم المؤسسية الأوروبية 2025'. وأبرز انتعاش نشاط التداول في أوروبا وما يمكن توقعه في عام 2026، بما في ذلك التقدم في عمليات ما بعد التداول وتنظيمات التداول المظلم. هذه المحادثة مهمة لأنها تسلط الضوء على المشهد المتطور لتداول الأسهم، وهو أمر حاسم للمستثمرين والمشاركين في السوق الذين يسعون للتنقل في تعقيدات السوق الأوروبية.

En una reciente discusión, Nicholas Phillips de Bloomberg Intelligence compartió información sobre los hallazgos de su informe 'European institutional equity trading study 2025'. Destacó el resurgimiento de la actividad de trading en Europa y las tendencias que se anticipan para 2026, incluyendo avances en los procesos post-negociación y regulaciones sobre trading oscuro. Esta conversación es significativa ya que arroja luz sobre el paisaje en evolución del trading de acciones, lo cual es crucial para los inversores y participantes del mercado que buscan navegar por las complejidades del mercado europeo.

Lors d'une récente discussion, Nicholas Phillips de Bloomberg Intelligence a partagé des informations sur les résultats de leur rapport 'European institutional equity trading study 2025'. Il a souligné la résurgence de l'activité de trading en Europe et les tendances à anticiper en 2026, y compris les avancées dans les processus post-négociation et les réglementations sur le trading obscur. Cette conversation est importante car elle éclaire l'évolution du paysage du trading d'actions, ce qui est crucial pour les investisseurs et les acteurs du marché cherchant à naviguer dans les complexités du marché européen.

In a recent discussion, Nicholas Phillips from Bloomberg Intelligence shared insights on the findings of their 'European institutional equity trading study 2025' report. He highlighted the resurgence of trading activity in Europe and what trends to anticipate in 2026, including advancements in post-trade processes and dark trading regulations. This conversation is significant as it sheds light on the evolving landscape of equity trading, which is crucial for investors and market participants looking to navigate the complexities of the European market.

Fireside Friday with… Bloomberg Intelligence’s Nicholas Phillips

Hi there. In this article, I'll be going over the process of how you can create a macOS 26 Tahoe USB bootable installation drive.

<h2>
 
 
 YouTube Video
</h2>

If you would prefer to see a video of this article, there is a video version available on YouTube below:

<iframe width="710" height="399" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BBiWy6FrtM4">
</iframe>


<h2>
 
 
 Requirements
</h2>

To do this, you'll need macOS 10.15 or above (I used macOS 15) and a 32GB USB stick or higher to create the installation drive.

Before you start, make sure to backup any data that is on the USB stick as the USB stick will be erased as part of the process.

<h2>
 
 
 Downloading the macOS 26 Tahoe Installer
</h2>

Unlike previous versions of macOS, macOS 26 Tahoe is not available in the App store. It can only be downloaded via the command line for the full version that is used to create an installation disk.

To begin with, you'll need to open the terminal application. To this, use spotlight by pressing command and space together. Then, type terminal and hover over to the terminal application. It looks like a black box with a white arrow. Left click on it to open the application.

Your terminal may look different to mine but don't worry.

You can also get to it by opening a Finder window, going to Applications, then Utilities and then double clicking on Terminal.

First, you need to determine what the latest version of Tahoe is. There are two ways to do this. First, you can use this <a href="">webpage</a>, which shows it is being 26.1 at the time of writing this article.

<a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F7p6roxf0ufy5frukae2c.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F7p6roxf0ufy5frukae2c.png" alt="Image 1" width="800" height="354"></a>

The second method is to run the following command in the terminal: 


<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight shell"><code>softwareupdate --list-full-installers
</code></pre>

</div>



The latest version is at the top, which again is 26.1.

<a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fcogm6l42kciu08k750nl.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fcogm6l42kciu08k750nl.png" alt="Image 2" width="800" height="461"></a>

The next step is to download the installer for macOS 26.1. To do that, run the following command. If a newer version is available, replace <code>26.1</code> with that version, if you want to: 


<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight shell"><code>softwareupdate --fetch-full-installer --full-installer-version 26.1
</code></pre>

</div>



It will now download the installer. This will take some time.

<a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Ffqmovocs202pw2bwdjib.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Ffqmovocs202pw2bwdjib.png" alt="Image 3" width="800" height="462"></a>

<h2>
 
 
 Creating the USB Installation Drive
</h2>

Now that the installer has finished downloading, you should be able to see it in the Applications folder in Finder.

<a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F9gkffyhw77ufowhtpd54.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F9gkffyhw77ufowhtpd54.png" alt="Image 4" width="800" height="495"></a>

The next step is to make the USB installation drive. First, make sure your USB stick is connected to your Mac.

Mine is connected and it's called usbstick.

I would recommend renaming your USB stick to a name that has no spaces to make it easier.

Once again, remember to backup anything that is on the USB stick that you want to keep.

When you are ready, run the following command in the terminal. Replace <code>usbstick</code> with the name of your USB stick. 


<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight shell"><code>sudo /Applications/Install\ macOS\ Tahoe.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia --volume /Volumes/usbstick
</code></pre>

</div>



Press enter and then type in your password, or the username and password for an administrator account if your account doesn't have that level of permission.

When it asks you to confirm the USB stick can be erased, press <code>y</code> and then enter.

Your USB stick will disappear from Finder and then come back with the name of Install macOS Tahoe. This is normal.

The progress will be shown on the screen.

Once it has completed, the terminal will look like the below image.

<a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Ff69snvwmd4xsra2ugsos.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Ff69snvwmd4xsra2ugsos.png" alt="Image 5" width="800" height="462"></a>

You can now use that to boot from and install, or reinstall macOS 26 Tahoe on a <a href="">supported Mac</a>.

Thanks for reading and have a nice day!

يوفر هذا المقال دليلًا بسيطًا حول كيفية إنشاء محرك USB قابل للتشغيل لتثبيت macOS 26 Tahoe، مما يسهل على المستخدمين تثبيت أو ترقية نظام التشغيل. مع تعليمات واضحة وتوافر فيديو تعليمي على يوتيوب، يلبي احتياجات المتعلمين البصريين وأولئك الذين يفضلون الإرشادات المكتوبة. هذا مهم بشكل خاص لأن وجود محرك قابل للتشغيل يمكن أن يبسط عملية استكشاف الأخطاء وإصلاحها واستعادة النظام، مما يضمن أن المستخدمين يمكنهم الحفاظ على أجهزتهم بفعالية.

Este artículo ofrece una guía sencilla sobre cómo crear una unidad USB de instalación de macOS 26 Tahoe, facilitando la instalación o actualización del sistema operativo. Con instrucciones claras y un tutorial en video disponible en YouTube, se adapta tanto a los aprendices visuales como a aquellos que prefieren la orientación escrita. Esto es especialmente importante, ya que tener una unidad de arranque puede simplificar la solución de problemas y la recuperación del sistema, asegurando que los usuarios puedan mantener sus dispositivos de manera efectiva.

Cet article propose un guide simple pour créer un lecteur USB d'installation bootable macOS 26 Tahoe, facilitant ainsi l'installation ou la mise à niveau du système d'exploitation. Avec des instructions claires et un tutoriel vidéo disponible sur YouTube, il s'adresse à la fois aux apprenants visuels et à ceux qui préfèrent les conseils écrits. Cela est particulièrement important car avoir un lecteur bootable peut simplifier le dépannage et la récupération du système, garantissant que les utilisateurs peuvent maintenir efficacement leurs appareils.

This article provides a straightforward guide on creating a macOS 26 Tahoe USB bootable installation drive, making it easier for users to install or upgrade their operating system. With clear instructions and a video tutorial available on YouTube, it caters to both visual learners and those who prefer written guidance. This is particularly important as having a bootable drive can simplify troubleshooting and system recovery, ensuring that users can maintain their devices effectively.

How To Create A macOS 26 Tahoe USB Installation Drive

You don’t need to shout to be heard; you need to be clear and verifiable. Teams that treat publishing like a product discipline consistently outperform those chasing hacks. That’s why many engineering leaders pair solid writing with measurable distribution and—only where it helps—specialist partners offering <a href="https://techwavespr.com/services/" rel="noopener noreferrer">digital marketing services</a> to keep the pipeline of attention honest and repeatable. This piece distills a pragmatic framework for content that survives scrutiny and compounds over time.

<h2>
 
 
 The Operating Model: From “Post and Pray” to Repeatable Pipelines
</h2>

Great articles don’t appear out of nowhere—they move through a pipeline with explicit gates. Think of it as CI/CD for ideas:

<ul>
<li>Discovery → Drafting → Review → Publish → Observe.</li>
</ul>

At each stage, you’re validating something different: whether the topic matters, whether the draft is clear, whether claims are supported, whether the page renders fast and clean, and how readers actually engage. This isn’t bureaucracy; it’s how you protect your future self from firefighting.

Discovery is about narrowing to problems your readers already feel. The fastest test is to write the problem in one sentence and ask a skeptical colleague if it describes a real moment they’ve lived. If they hesitate, refine until they can retell it in their words.

Drafting prioritizes specificity. Replace abstractions with measurements (“p95 latency dropped from 480 ms to 160 ms”) and name the trade-offs. Engineers recognize truth in constraints. Avoid performative flourishes; ship facts.

Review is a multidisciplinary check: technical accuracy, legal and privacy considerations, and plain-language clarity. The review should be adversarial but bounded—identify a small set of non-negotiables (e.g., security statements must be vetted; benchmarks must be reproducible). Everything else is style, not a blocker.

Publish with a minimum of ceremony but maximum reliability. If your site breaks on mobile, the message never lands. If you embed media, ensure fallbacks. If you annotate with structured data, verify it. This sounds obvious until you audit a few dozen pages and find preventable failures.

Observe like an engineer: define a hypothesis before release (“We expect 40%+ of readers to expand the code sample and average time-on-page of 2:30”), then log events and read them. If the hypothesis fails, write a brief note and iterate. That humility builds more credibility than any slogan.

<h2>
 
 
 Signals That Help Machines and Humans Understand Your Page
</h2>

We don’t have to guess how parsers and browsers treat core elements—there’s public guidance. For example, the robots meta tag is precisely documented by <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meta/name#robots" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDN Web Docs</a>. Misusing it can quietly hide your excellent work. Likewise, clear directives for crawlers are outlined in Google’s official documentation on <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots-meta-tag" rel="noopener noreferrer">robots meta directives</a>. You don’t need to become a specialist to benefit: read the short sections relevant to your use case, pick defaults that match your intent (e.g., indexable article pages, non-index utility endpoints), and avoid contradictory signals.

Beyond directives, content earns trust through coherence:

<ul>
<li>
Titles that promise exactly what the body delivers. If the headline says “How We Cut p95 by 3×,” your method and measurement must be visible above the fold.</li>
<li>
Stable URLs. Breaking links is reputational debt. Treat slugs like API versions; change only with migration plans.</li>
<li>
Readable structure. Short paragraphs, code blocks that run, diagrams with alt text, and captions that say what the reader should notice.</li>
<li>
Transparent authorship. A byline with real identity and a sentence on why this person is qualified. Anonymous thought leadership rarely persuades engineers.</li>
</ul>

<h2>
 
 
 The Only Checklist You Actually Need
</h2>

Use this once per article. If you can’t check a box truthfully, fix the cause instead of gaming the symptom.

<ul>
<li>
One-sentence reader problem is clear (share with a skeptic; they should nod).</li>
<li>
Core claim is measurable (numbers, method, and where data lives).</li>
<li>
Page renders fast and clean (mobile first; images sized; no layout shift).</li>
<li>
Directives match intent (no accidental <code>noindex</code>; canonical is correct; no conflicting hints).</li>
<li>
Source links are authoritative (stand on primary docs or peer-reviewed material, not hearsay).</li>
<li>
Reproducibility where relevant (runnable code, version pins, or data snapshot).</li>
<li>
Post-publish hypothesis defined (what success looks like and what you’ll do if it doesn’t happen).</li>
</ul>

Keep this list visible to your team. It’s short on purpose; bloat turns checklists into theater.

<h2>
 
 
 Writing That Respects the Reader’s Time
</h2>

Engineers are allergic to hand-waving. To earn trust, write like you debug:

<ol>
<li>
State the claim. Put the outcome up front. Don’t make people dig.</li>
<li>
Show the path. Provide the minimal context to reproduce. If there are three plausible methods, say why you chose one.</li>
<li>
Expose trade-offs. Every decision has a downside—latency for compute, privacy for convenience, simplicity for flexibility. Calling that out makes the win believable.</li>
<li>
Acknowledge prior art. Name the people and projects you built upon. It’s generous and prevents reinventing the wheel.</li>
<li>
Invite falsification. Offer a way to challenge your result—dataset link, script, or a note on environments where your approach might fail.</li>
</ol>

This style doesn’t just “sound technical.” It protects your team when later decisions reference your document. You’ll thank yourself when a VP says, “Why did we pick this?” and you can point to a paragraph that still holds up.

<h2>
 
 
 Distribution Without the Guilt
</h2>

You don’t need tricks to reach the right readers—you need consistency and fit. Publish where developers already hang out (like Dev.to and your project’s repo), cross-post summaries to communities that value your topic, and keep the voice consistent. Avoid anchor spam and cartoonish calls to action. Invite contact for real reasons: bug reports, benchmarks on different hardware, adoption stories, or counterexamples.

When you link to resources, choose anchors that fit naturally into the sentence. The goal is to be helpful first. Over-optimized phrasing reads strangely to humans and invites the wrong kind of attention from machines. Think of links as citations, not bait.

<h2>
 
 
 Governance: Tiny Rituals That Prevent Big Headaches
</h2>

A lightweight content guild—two to four people who care—can review each draft for clarity, risk, and usefulness. Rotate the “final approver” so the process never bottlenecks. Archive decisions in a living doc: when a topic performed poorly, say so and explain what you learned; when an article exceeded expectations, annotate why (timing, community tie-in, or a strong demo). Over a quarter, this becomes an internal playbook your future teammates will treat as gold.

<h2>
 
 
 The Payoff
</h2>

When you adopt an engineering posture toward content, the benefits accumulate: fewer hotfixes after publish, fewer awkward retractions, more inbound from readers who actually implemented your work, and a library you can confidently resurface months later. Most importantly, you build an audience that trusts you—because your writing respects their time and intelligence.

Bottom line: publish less often, but make each piece unarguably useful. Measure outcomes, admit misses, and iterate in public. That honesty travels further than any tagline.

في عالم إنشاء المحتوى، تعتبر الوضوح والقابلية للتحقق مفتاحًا لكسب الثقة. يبرز هذا المقال أن الفرق التي تتعامل مع النشر كأحد تخصصات المنتج تميل إلى التفوق على تلك التي تعتمد على الحيل السريعة. من خلال الجمع بين الكتابة الجيدة والتوزيع القابل للقياس والتعاون مع شركاء متخصصين عند الحاجة، يمكن لقادة الهندسة إنشاء قناة موثوقة للاهتمام. لا تعزز هذه الطريقة جودة المحتوى فحسب، بل تضمن أيضًا فعاليتها في الوصول إلى الجمهور، مما يجعلها استراتيجية حاسمة للنجاح في المشهد الرقمي اليوم.

En el mundo de la creación de contenido, la claridad y la verificabilidad son clave para ganar confianza. Este artículo enfatiza que los equipos que tratan la publicación como una disciplina de producto tienden a superar a aquellos que dependen de trucos rápidos. Al combinar una escritura sólida con una distribución medible y colaborar con socios especializados cuando es beneficioso, los líderes de ingeniería pueden crear un canal de atención confiable. Este enfoque no solo mejora la calidad del contenido, sino que también asegura su efectividad para llegar a la audiencia, convirtiéndolo en una estrategia crucial para el éxito en el panorama digital actual.

Dans le monde de la création de contenu, la clarté et la vérifiabilité sont essentielles pour gagner la confiance. Cet article souligne que les équipes qui considèrent la publication comme une discipline de produit ont tendance à surpasser celles qui s'appuient sur des astuces rapides. En combinant une rédaction solide avec une distribution mesurable et en collaborant avec des partenaires spécialisés lorsque cela est bénéfique, les leaders en ingénierie peuvent créer un pipeline d'attention fiable. Cette approche améliore non seulement la qualité du contenu, mais garantit également son efficacité pour atteindre le public, ce qui en fait une stratégie cruciale pour réussir dans le paysage numérique d'aujourd'hui.

In the world of content creation, clarity and verifiability are key to earning trust. This article emphasizes that teams treating publishing as a product discipline tend to outperform those relying on quick hacks. By combining solid writing with measurable distribution and collaborating with specialist partners when beneficial, engineering leaders can create a reliable pipeline of attention. This approach not only enhances the quality of content but also ensures its effectiveness in reaching the audience, making it a crucial strategy for success in today's digital landscape.

Build Content Like an Engineer: Systems, Signals, and Checks That Earn Trust

If you've ever seen "TBA/TBA" as a passenger name in a flight booking, it's not a glitch—it's a feature. After booking a cheap group fare on Yatra.com, I discovered the hidden world of airline group bookings, and uncovered a real bug with same-name passengers.

In this post, we'll unpack:

<ul>
<li>How group fare booking systems work</li>
<li>Why "TBA" exists in airline PNRs</li>
<li>What developers building travel systems should know</li>
<li>
A critical bug I found: Same-name passengers causing seat swaps</li>
</ul>




<h2>
 
 
 ✈️ 1. What Are Group Fares?
</h2>

Group fares are special airline rates for 10+ passengers traveling together on the same flight and date.

Common use cases:

<ul>
<li>🏢 Corporate trips</li>
<li>💒 Weddings and family gatherings</li>
<li>🕌 Pilgrimage or religious tours</li>
<li>🏀 School or sports teams</li>
</ul>

Unlike individual bookings, group fares are:

<ul>
<li>
Negotiated directly with airlines or via GDS</li>
<li>More flexible with payment schedules</li>
<li>Allow placeholder names initially</li>
</ul>




<h2>
 
 
 2. Business Logic: The Group Booking Flow
</h2>

Here's how it works from an OTA or travel agent's perspective:

<div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Step</th>
<th>Process</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1️⃣</td>
<td>Group Quote Request</td>
<td>Agency requests fare for route, date, and passenger count</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2️⃣</td>
<td>PNR Creation (TBA stage)</td>
<td>Airline/GDS creates group PNR with placeholders like <code>TBA/TBA</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3️⃣</td>
<td>Deposit &amp; Hold</td>
<td>Group pays deposit to hold seats</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4️⃣</td>
<td>Name Finalization</td>
<td>12–72 hours before flight, replace "TBA" with real names</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5️⃣</td>
<td>Ticketing</td>
<td>Once names finalized, tickets are issued</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>




<h2>
 
 
 📋 3. What Does "TBA" Actually Mean?
</h2>

TBA = To Be Advised

When creating a group booking, actual passenger details may not be known yet.

Example in GDS (Amadeus/Sabre):

Each entry reserves a seat while allowing the agent to:

<ul>
<li>
Hold inventory without final names</li>
<li>
Track blocked seats in airline systems</li>
<li>
Display flight details before passenger confirmation</li>
</ul>

<h4>
 
 
 How GDS Systems Power This Magic
</h4>

Behind the scenes, OTAs don't talk directly to each airline. They use GDS (Global Distribution System) — think of it as the "API gateway" of the travel industry.

The Big Three:

<ul>
<li>
Amadeus (European dominance)</li>
<li>
Sabre (Strong in Americas)</li>
<li>
Travelport (Galileo/Worldspan/Apollo)</li>
</ul>




<h2>
 
 
 ⏰ 4. The 12-Hour Rule
</h2>

Most airlines require final passenger names no later than 12 hours before departure.

What happens at finalization:

<ul>
<li>✅ All "TBA" placeholders updated with real names</li>
<li>⚠️ Unnamed passengers may auto-cancel</li>
<li>🎫 Group PNR transitions to ticketed state</li>
</ul>

This is why Yatra/MMT show "flight details visible before 12 hours" — the system holds the group block, but names are pending.




<h2>
 
 
 5. System Architecture Flow
</h2>

Key technical points:

<ul>
<li>Placeholders stored in PNR until replaced</li>
<li>Airlines track via group booking IDs (not individual tickets)</li>
<li>Background jobs handle PNR sync and updates</li>
</ul>




<h2>
 
 
 💻 6. How OTAs Handle This (Developer View)
</h2>

For platforms like Yatra or MakeMyTrip: 


<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight javascript"><code>// Simplified model
const groupBooking = {
 pnr: "ABC123",
 status: "TBA_PENDING",
 passengers: [
 { firstName: "TBA", lastName: "TBA", title: "MR" },
 { firstName: "TBA", lastName: "TBA", title: "MS" }
 ],
 finalizationDeadline: "2025-11-08T10:00:00Z",
 flightDetails: { visible: false } // visible after name update
};
</code></pre>

</div>



Backend requirements:

<ol>
<li>Handle placeholder data models</li>
<li>Schedule PNR refresh/update jobs</li>
<li>Implement deadline alerts</li>
<li>Validate against duplicate names (see bug below!)</li>
</ol>




<h2>
 
 
 7. CRITICAL BUG I DISCOVERED: Same-Name Collision
</h2>

<h3>
 
 
 The Problem
</h3>

When booking through Yatra's group fare system, I found:

If two passengers have the same name:

<ul>
<li>❌ During web check-in, the system will display both passengers names when the PNR and last name are entered together.</li>
<li>❌ Boarding passes get mixed up</li>
<li>❌ Airport staff can't distinguish passengers</li>
<li>❌ Potential security and check-in issues</li>
</ul>

<h3>
 
 
 Example Scenario
</h3>



<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight javascript"><code>// Booking for two people with same name
passengers: [
 { firstName: "Amit", lastName: "Kumar", seat: "12A" },
 { firstName: "Amit", lastName: "Kumar", seat: "12B" }
]

// What happens in airline system:
// PNR shows: KUMAR/AMIT MR + KUMAR/AMIT MR
// Boarding pass generates wrong seat for one passenger
</code></pre>

</div>



<h3>
 
 
 Why This Happens
</h3>

<ol>
<li>
GDS Name Formatting: Airlines use <code>PNR and LASTNAME</code> combination</li>
<li>
Duplicate Detection: System may treat as duplicate entry</li>
<li>
Seat Assignment Logic: Uses last name as primary key</li>
<li>
Group PNR Merge: Multiple "AMIT KUMAR" entries cause confusion</li>
</ol>

Recommended fixes for OTAs:

<ul>
<li>🔍 Pre-booking validation for duplicate last names</li>
<li>📝 Force middle name or mobile number for duplicates</li>
</ul>




<h2>
 
 
 🔮 8. Future: NDC and Modern APIs
</h2>

IATA's NDC (New Distribution Capability) is modernizing group fares:

<ul>
<li>⚡ Real-time quotes and seat holds</li>
<li>🔄 Easier passenger data updates via REST APIs</li>
<li>📉 Reduced reliance on "TBA" placeholders</li>
<li>🤝 Direct airline-to-OTA connections</li>
</ul>

Though many airlines still support TBA for backward compatibility.




<h2>
 
 
 9. Key Takeaways
</h2>

<div class="table-wrapper-paragraph"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Point</th>
<th>Reality Check</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>✅ "TBA" is a feature, not a bug
</td>
<td>Intentional placeholder system for group inventory management</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>⏰ The 12-hour rule has a twist
</td>
<td>Names often start reflecting from midnight (not exactly 12 hours), which can frustrate travelers expecting earlier updates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>💰 How OTAs really make money
</td>
<td>Indian OTAs like Yatra/MMT book group fares and mark them up—this is on top of convenience charges. That "cheap fare" might just be a group booking arbitrage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>🚨 Same-name = system chaos
</td>
<td>Multiple passengers with identical last names create PNR conflicts, seat swaps, and boarding issues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>🎭 The agent model
</td>
<td>OTAs aren't always direct airline partners—many operate as super-agents booking group blocks and reselling individually</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>




<h2>
 
 
 💬 Discussion
</h2>

For developers building travel systems:

<ol>
<li>How does your system handle group booking placeholders?</li>
<li>Ever encountered the same-name bug I found?</li>
</ol>

Drop your experiences in the comments! 👇




<h2>
 
 
 🔗 Useful Resources
</h2>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.iata.org/en/programs/airline-distribution/retailing/ndc/" rel="noopener noreferrer">IATA NDC Program</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developers.amadeus.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer">Amadeus API Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.sabre.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sabre Dev Studio</a></li>
</ul>




This post is based on real-world experience booking through Yatra.com. If you found this helpful, consider sharing it with your travel-tech friends! ✈️




Tags: #traveltech #backend #systemdesign #api #devstory

يتناول المقال عالم حجوزات المجموعات في شركات الطيران، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على التسمية 'TBA/TBA' التي تظهر في حجوزات الرحلات. هذه ليست خللًا، بل ميزة مقصودة تنشأ من تعقيدات حجز أسعار المجموعات. يشارك الكاتب تجارب شخصية من تجربة حديثة مع Yatra.com، موضحًا كيفية عمل هذه الأنظمة للحجز وتأثيراتها على المطورين في صناعة السفر. يمكن أن يساعد فهم ذلك كل من المسافرين والمهنيين في التكنولوجيا على التنقل بشكل أكثر فعالية في تفاصيل السفر الجماعي.

El artículo se adentra en el intrigante mundo de las reservas de grupo de aerolíneas, centrándose específicamente en la designación 'TBA/TBA' que se ve en las reservas de vuelos. Esto no es un error, sino una característica deliberada que surge de las complejidades de reservar tarifas grupales. El autor comparte experiencias personales de una reciente experiencia con Yatra.com, arrojando luz sobre cómo funcionan estos sistemas de reserva y las implicaciones para los desarrolladores en la industria de viajes. Comprender esto puede ayudar tanto a los viajeros como a los profesionales de la tecnología a navegar más eficazmente por las sutilezas de los viajes en grupo.

L'article explore le monde fascinant des réservations de groupe dans les compagnies aériennes, en se concentrant spécifiquement sur la désignation 'TBA/TBA' que l'on voit dans les réservations de vol. Ce n'est pas un bug, mais une fonctionnalité délibérée qui découle des complexités de la réservation de tarifs de groupe. L'auteur partage des expériences personnelles d'une récente expérience avec Yatra.com, éclairant le fonctionnement de ces systèmes de réservation et les implications pour les développeurs de l'industrie du voyage. Comprendre cela peut aider à la fois les voyageurs et les professionnels de la technologie à naviguer plus efficacement dans les nuances des voyages en groupe.

The article delves into the intriguing world of airline group bookings, specifically focusing on the 'TBA/TBA' designation seen in flight reservations. This isn't a glitch but a deliberate feature that arises from the complexities of booking group fares. The author shares personal insights from a recent experience with Yatra.com, shedding light on how these booking systems function and the implications for developers in the travel industry. Understanding this can help both travelers and tech professionals navigate the nuances of group travel more effectively.

How Airline Group Fares Really Work: The Business & Tech Behind 'TBA' Passenger Names

<a href="https://www.techspot.com/news/110174-nearly-2026-most-people-use-123456-password.html" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.techspot.com/images2/news/ts3_thumbs/2025/11/2025-11-07-ts3_thumbs-819.jpg" width="800" height="560" style="padding: 15px 0" title="It's nearly 2026 and most people still use '123456' as a password" /></a> The latest shame-inducing most-common-passwords report comes from tech research and review site Comparitech. Using information leaked on data breach forums in 2025, its researchers aggregated more than 2 billion real account passwords, creating a list of the 100 most-used. <a href="https://www.techspot.com/news/110174-nearly-2026-most-people-use-123456-password.html">Read Entire Article</a>

مع اقتراب عام 2026، يكشف تقرير جديد من Comparitech أن العديد من الأشخاص لا يزالون يعتمدون على كلمات مرور ضعيفة مثل '123456'. هذا أمر مقلق لأنه يسلط الضوء على مشكلة مستمرة في الأمن السيبراني، حيث يفشل الأفراد في اعتماد ممارسات كلمات مرور أقوى على الرغم من التحذيرات المستمرة بشأن خروقات البيانات. إن الاستخدام المستمر لكلمات مرور يسهل تخمينها يعرض المعلومات الشخصية والحساسة للخطر، مما يجعل من الضروري للمستخدمين إعطاء الأولوية لتدابير أمان أفضل.

A medida que nos acercamos a 2026, un nuevo informe de Comparitech revela que muchas personas todavía dependen de contraseñas débiles como '123456'. Esto es preocupante porque resalta un problema persistente en la ciberseguridad, donde los individuos no adoptan prácticas de contraseñas más fuertes a pesar de las advertencias sobre las violaciones de datos. El uso continuo de contraseñas tan fáciles de adivinar pone en riesgo la información personal y sensible, lo que hace crucial que los usuarios prioricen mejores medidas de seguridad.

À l'approche de 2026, un nouveau rapport de Comparitech révèle que de nombreuses personnes continuent de s'appuyer sur des mots de passe faibles comme '123456'. Cela est préoccupant car cela met en lumière un problème persistant en matière de cybersécurité, où les individus ne parviennent pas à adopter des pratiques de mots de passe plus solides malgré les avertissements continus concernant les violations de données. L'utilisation continue de mots de passe aussi facilement devinables met en danger les informations personnelles et sensibles, rendant crucial pour les utilisateurs de donner la priorité à de meilleures mesures de sécurité.

As we approach 2026, a new report from Comparitech reveals that many people still rely on weak passwords like '123456'. This is concerning because it highlights a persistent issue in cybersecurity, where individuals fail to adopt stronger password practices despite ongoing warnings about data breaches. The continued use of such easily guessable passwords puts personal and sensitive information at risk, making it crucial for users to prioritize better security measures.

It's nearly 2026 and most people still use '123456' as a password

arXiv:2410.19964v3 Announce Type: replace 
Abstract: Despite its widespread adoption, Adam's advantage over Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) lacks a comprehensive theoretical explanation. This paper investigates Adam's sensitivity to rotations of the parameter space. We observe that Adam's performance in training transformers degrades under random rotations of the parameter space, indicating a crucial sensitivity to the choice of basis in practice. This reveals that conventional rotation-invariant assumptions are insufficient to capture Adam's advantages theoretically. To better understand the rotation-dependent properties that benefit Adam, we also identify structured rotations that preserve or even enhance its empirical performance. We then examine the rotation-dependent assumptions in the literature and find that they fall short in explaining Adam's behaviour across various rotation types. In contrast, we verify the orthogonality of the update as a promising indicator of Adam's basis sensitivity, suggesting it may be the key quantity for developing rotation-dependent theoretical frameworks that better explain its empirical success.

تتناول دراسة حديثة خوارزمية التحسين آدم، مسلطة الضوء على مشكلات أدائها عند مواجهة دورانات عشوائية في فضاء المعلمات. على الرغم من أن آدم مستخدم على نطاق واسع، تشير هذه الأبحاث إلى أن مزاياه مقارنةً بانحدار التدرج العشوائي (SGD) ليست مفهومة تمامًا. تشير النتائج إلى أن اختيار الأساس يؤثر بشكل كبير على فعالية آدم، خاصة في تدريب نماذج المحولات. هذه الرؤية مهمة للباحثين والممارسين الذين يسعون لتحسين تدريب النماذج وأدائها.

Un estudio reciente investiga el algoritmo de optimización Adam, destacando sus problemas de rendimiento cuando se enfrenta a rotaciones aleatorias en el espacio de parámetros. Aunque Adam es ampliamente utilizado, esta investigación señala que sus ventajas sobre el descenso de gradiente estocástico (SGD) no se comprenden completamente. Los hallazgos sugieren que la elección de la base impacta significativamente la efectividad de Adam, especialmente en el entrenamiento de modelos de transformadores. Esta información es crucial para investigadores y profesionales que buscan mejorar el entrenamiento y el rendimiento de los modelos.

Une étude récente examine l'algorithme d'optimisation Adam, mettant en lumière ses problèmes de performance face à des rotations aléatoires dans l'espace des paramètres. Bien qu'Adam soit largement utilisé, cette recherche souligne que ses avantages par rapport à la descente de gradient stochastique (SGD) ne sont pas entièrement compris. Les résultats suggèrent que le choix de la base impacte considérablement l'efficacité d'Adam, en particulier dans l'entraînement des modèles de transformateurs. Cette perspective est cruciale pour les chercheurs et les praticiens cherchant à améliorer l'entraînement et la performance des modèles.

A recent study delves into the optimization algorithm Adam, highlighting its performance issues when faced with random rotations in the parameter space. While Adam is widely used, this research points out that its advantages over Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) are not fully understood. The findings suggest that the choice of basis significantly impacts Adam's effectiveness, especially in training transformer models. This insight is crucial for researchers and practitioners aiming to improve model training and performance.

Understanding Adam Requires Better Rotation Dependent Assumptions

arXiv:2505.19470v2 Announce Type: replace 
Abstract: Latent variables (LVs) play a crucial role in encoder-decoder models by enabling effective data compression, prediction, and generation. Although their theoretical properties, such as generalization, have been extensively studied in supervised learning, similar analyses for unsupervised models such as variational autoencoders (VAEs) remain insufficiently underexplored. In this work, we extend information-theoretic generalization analysis to vector-quantized (VQ) VAEs with discrete latent spaces, introducing a novel data-dependent prior to rigorously analyze the relationship among LVs, generalization, and data generation. We derive a novel generalization error bound of the reconstruction loss of VQ-VAEs, which depends solely on the complexity of LVs and the encoder, independent of the decoder. Additionally, we provide the upper bound of the 2-Wasserstein distance between the distributions of the true data and the generated data, explaining how the regularization of the LVs contributes to the data generation performance.

تتناول دراسة حديثة أهمية المتغيرات الكامنة في نماذج الترميز-فك الترميز، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على دورها في المشفرات التلقائية التباينية (VAEs). على الرغم من أنه تم استكشاف الكثير حول خصائصها النظرية في التعلم الخاضع للإشراف، فإن هذه الأبحاث تبرز الحاجة إلى فهم أعمق لهذه المتغيرات في السياقات غير الخاضعة للإشراف. من خلال توسيع تحليل التعميم النظري للمعلومات، يمكن أن تعزز النتائج بشكل كبير من نهجنا في ضغط البيانات وتوليدها في التعلم الآلي، مما يجعلها خطوة محورية نحو التقدم المستقبلي في هذا المجال.

Un estudio reciente profundiza en la importancia de las variables latentes en los modelos de codificador-decodificador, centrándose especialmente en su papel en los autoencoders variacionales (VAE). Aunque se ha explorado mucho sobre sus propiedades teóricas en el aprendizaje supervisado, esta investigación destaca la necesidad de una comprensión más profunda de estas variables en contextos no supervisados. Al extender el análisis de generalización teórica de la información, los hallazgos podrían mejorar significativamente nuestra forma de abordar la compresión y generación de datos en el aprendizaje automático, lo que representa un paso fundamental para futuros avances en el campo.

Une étude récente examine l'importance des variables latentes dans les modèles encodeur-décodeur, en mettant particulièrement l'accent sur leur rôle dans les autoencodeurs variationnels (VAE). Bien que beaucoup ait été exploré concernant leurs propriétés théoriques dans l'apprentissage supervisé, cette recherche souligne la nécessité d'une compréhension plus approfondie de ces variables dans des contextes non supervisés. En étendant l'analyse de généralisation informationnelle, les résultats pourraient considérablement améliorer notre approche de la compression et de la génération de données en apprentissage automatique, ce qui constitue une étape cruciale pour les avancées futures dans le domaine.

A recent study delves into the importance of latent variables in encoder-decoder models, particularly focusing on their role in variational autoencoders (VAEs). While much has been explored regarding their theoretical properties in supervised learning, this research highlights the need for a deeper understanding of these variables in unsupervised contexts. By extending information-theoretic generalization analysis, the findings could significantly enhance how we approach data compression and generation in machine learning, making it a pivotal step for future advancements in the field.

Information-theoretic Generalization Analysis for VQ-VAEs: A Role of Latent Variables

arXiv:2511.03972v1 Announce Type: cross 
Abstract: An important question in deep learning is how higher-order optimization methods affect generalization. In this work, we analyze a stochastic Gauss-Newton (SGN) method with Levenberg-Marquardt damping and mini-batch sampling for training overparameterized deep neural networks with smooth activations in a regression setting. Our theoretical contributions are twofold. First, we establish finite-time convergence bounds via a variable-metric analysis in parameter space, with explicit dependencies on the batch size, network width and depth. Second, we derive non-asymptotic generalization bounds for SGN using uniform stability in the overparameterized regime, characterizing the impact of curvature, batch size, and overparameterization on generalization performance. Our theoretical results identify a favorable generalization regime for SGN in which a larger minimum eigenvalue of the Gauss-Newton matrix along the optimization path yields tighter stability bounds.

أظهرت دراسة حديثة تأثير أساليب التحسين من الدرجة العليا على التعميم في التعلم العميق. من خلال تحليل طريقة غاوس-نيوتن العشوائية مع تخفيف ليفنبرغ-ماركوات، قام الباحثون بتحديد حدود التقارب في الوقت المحدد لتدريب الشبكات العصبية العميقة المفرطة المعلمة. هذا العمل مهم لأنه يعزز فهمنا لكيفية تحسين هذه التقنيات المتقدمة في الأداء النموذجي، خاصة في مهام الانحدار، مما يمهد الطريق لتطبيقات تعلم عميق أكثر فعالية.

Un estudio reciente ha arrojado luz sobre el impacto de los métodos de optimización de orden superior en la generalización del aprendizaje profundo. Al analizar un método de Gauss-Newton estocástico con amortiguación de Levenberg-Marquardt, los investigadores han establecido límites de convergencia en tiempo finito para el entrenamiento de redes neuronales profundas sobreparametrizadas. Este trabajo es significativo ya que mejora nuestra comprensión de cómo estas técnicas de optimización avanzadas pueden mejorar el rendimiento del modelo, especialmente en tareas de regresión, allanando el camino para aplicaciones de aprendizaje profundo más efectivas.

Une étude récente a mis en lumière l'impact des méthodes d'optimisation d'ordre supérieur sur la généralisation en apprentissage profond. En analysant une méthode de Gauss-Newton stochastique avec un amortissement de Levenberg-Marquardt, les chercheurs ont établi des bornes de convergence en temps fini pour l'entraînement de réseaux de neurones profonds surparamétrés. Ce travail est significatif car il améliore notre compréhension de la manière dont ces techniques d'optimisation avancées peuvent améliorer les performances des modèles, en particulier dans les tâches de régression, ouvrant la voie à des applications d'apprentissage profond plus efficaces.

A recent study has shed light on the impact of higher-order optimization methods on generalization in deep learning. By analyzing a stochastic Gauss-Newton method with Levenberg-Marquardt damping, researchers have established finite-time convergence bounds for training overparameterized deep neural networks. This work is significant as it enhances our understanding of how these advanced optimization techniques can improve model performance, particularly in regression tasks, paving the way for more effective deep learning applications.

High-dimensional limit theorems for SGD: Momentum and Adaptive Step-sizes

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